PAN 2nd air pollutants peroxy Acetyl Nitrate

–PAN (Peroxyacetyl Nitrate): A Harmful Secondary Air PollutantPeroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN) is one of the most significant secondary air pollutants found in urban and industrial atmospheres.

Formed through complex chemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of strong sunlight, PAN is a major contributor to photochemical smog, especially in densely populated or high-traffic regions.–

-How PAN Is FormedPAN is not emitted directly from vehicles or industries. Instead, it forms when:Nitrogen oxides (NOx)Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)Sunlightcombine in the atmosphere during a chain of photochemical reactions.

This formation process is common in areas with heavy vehicular emissions, fuel combustion, and industrial activities.-

–Characteristics of PANColorless gas with a pungent, irritating smellHighly reactive, especially in warm climatesStable at lower temperatures, which helps it travel long distancesKey component of urban smog–

-Health Effects of PANExposure to PAN can have several harmful effects on human health:Severe eye irritation, burning sensation, and tearingRespiratory problems, including coughing and difficulty breathingAggravation of asthma and lung diseasesPotential long-term damage to lung tissues with continuous exposureChildren, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory disorders are especially vulnerable.-

–Environmental ImpactPAN has a strong impact on vegetation and ecosystems:Causes leaf glazing, bronzing, and necrosis in plantsReduces photosynthesis, leading to lower crop yieldsTransported over long distances, affecting even rural and forested regionsPAN’s ability to travel far makes it an international air pollution concern.—Major Sources Leading to PAN FormationWhile PAN itself is not directly emitted, activities that release NOx and VOCs contribute to its formation:Vehicular emissionsFossil fuel combustionIndustrial activitiesUse of paints, solvents, and chemicalsBiomass burning—How PAN Levels Can Be ControlledReducing PAN requires limiting its precursor pollutants:Promote clean energy and reduce fossil fuel useImprove public transport and reduce vehicle numbersEnforce strict industrial emission standardsEncourage eco-friendly fuelsUse low-VOC paints, adhesives, and cleaning productsPublic awareness and government policies play a crucial role in controlling PAN and other photochemical pollutants.—ConclusionPeroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN) remains a significant environmental and public health concern due to its strong irritant nature and widespread presence in urban smog. By reducing emissions of NOx and VOCs and promoting sustainable practices, societies can effectively manage and reduce PAN levels, leading to cleaner air and healthier communities.—